New imperialism and industrialization
New imperialism and industrialization
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World history
New imperialism and industrialization
WORLD HISTORY
I. NEW IMPERIALISM and INDUSTRIALIZATION: write in definitions in your own words…
Nationalism:
French nationalism worked to Napoleon Bonaparte’s favor in his attempt to bring Europe under the influence of France. His military reputation as a brave and capable adversary of the British and Austrians made him a hero to his people. Although he seized power and crowned himself emperor, the French people consistently supported him through plebiscites (a “yes/no” vote on a specific issue). Napoleon’s vision of France becoming the most powerful and glorious nation in the world was a reflection of the spirit and pride of the French people.
Nationalism was not, of course, limited to France. In South America, Simón Bolívar fought for the independence of Venezuela and other nations from the imperial rule of Spain. The willingness of many people to die for the cause of forming their own nation exemplified the spirit of nationalism. Nationalism was also the force that drove the unification of Italy, a process that began in the 1830s and finally achieved success in the 1860s. Although there was a diversity of dialects and customs among the people of the Italian peninsula, the collective memory of the Roman Empire and the long history of the Roman Catholic Church were a sufficient basis for the existence of a national identity. Resentment of the conquests of Austria, France, and other powers in the peninsula also fueled nationalism.
Imperialism:
Early colonization of the Americas and Africa was somewhat limited. Under policies of colonialism, European nation-states sought the most immediately profitable items from newly explored lands. Among these were gold, silver, precious stones, spices, furs and other luxury items. There were also, of course, cash crops such as sugar and cotton, and for the cultivation of these millions of people were enslaved to work on plantations. As the agricultural and industrial revolutions achieved greater momentum, populations increased and European nations felt the need to expand, both economically and in terms of territory. Raw materials such as petroleum and rubber became increasingly important for the new, industrial economies.
Great Britain is the perfect example of an imperial power in the late 19th and 20th century. Colonies of the British Empire included India (including modern-day Pakistan) and South Africa. The powerful British navy stood by to enforce its interests and influence, while British missions worked to spread Christianity. It is important to understand that imperial powers like Great Britain viewed their actions as being mutually beneficial, since the spread of “civilization” could only improve the lives of the conquered.
Militarism:
None of the imperial powers of Europe or North America could have succeeded in their efforts of expansion without military power. Great Britain, for example, used its navy to force open China’s isolationism and make it accessible to British trade, which included massive importation of opium. Military strength often became the central emphasis of national policy, and even an element of national identity.
The young nation-state of Germany had arisen to become the second most powerful nation in Europe, thanks in part to the rapid industrialization of the German states, the innovations of German scientists and engineers, and the military leadership of Otto von Bismarck. In 1871, the Second Reich was declared the historical successor to the old Holy Roman Empire, which had been destroyed by Napoleon. The celebration of Bismarck’s aggressiveness in war and politics, combined with the inspiration of an empire reborn, led Germany to devote an incredible amount of resources toward its military. Soon it would boast the most powerful military in the world.
Industrialization:
The rise of industry affected every facet of modern life. It is important to recognize that western nations experienced a shift in their way of life after the Renaissance— the majority no longer dedicated itself to farming in fields, but rather to working in factories and stores, on ships and trains, in mines and oil fields. Industry strongly influenced where and how people lived.
Protectorate:
The Japanese sought to make China a protectorate in the early 1900s. By leaving the Chinese emperor and government in place, the Japanese could rule through persuasion and intimidation rather than direct military involvement. Nigeria and Egypt— two of the many African countries that were created and then dominated by Europeans— are examples of protectorates of the British Empire during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Sphere of Influence:
Great Britain and other European powers sought to dominate trade in China and therefore bring China within their sphere of influence, in part through the illegal trafficking of opium. Lacking colonial power in Africa and Asia, the United States declared Central and South America to be within its sphere of influence. Roosevelt and others enforced this policy by stationing marines in Mexico, Haiti, Cuba, and elsewhere around the Caribbean.
Source : http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/upperschool/socialstudies/9th/Shared%20Documents/Industry%20and%20Empire/review_industry_empire.doc
Web site link: http://teachers.cmsfq.edu.ec/
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New imperialism and industrialization
New imperialism and industrialization
New imperialism and industrialization
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